什么是氨?氨的来源以及危害

                                                      什么是氨?氨的来源以及危害

    氨(NH3)

    氨,无色气体,有刺激性恶臭味。分子式NH3。分子量17.03。相对密度0.7714g/l。熔点-77.7℃。沸点-33.35℃。自燃点651.11℃。蒸气密度0.6。蒸气压1013.08kPa(25.7℃)。蒸气与空气混合物爆炸极限16~25%(最易引燃浓度17%)。
    氨在20℃水中溶解度34%,25℃时,在无水乙醇中溶解度10%,在甲醇中溶解度16%,溶于氯仿、乙醚,它是许多元素和化合物的良好溶剂。
    氨气极易溶于水,对眼、喉、上呼吸道作用快,刺激性强,轻者引起充血和分泌物增多,进而可引起肺水肿。长时间接触低浓度氨,可引起喉炎、声音嘶哑。对粘膜和皮肤有碱性刺激及腐蚀作用,可造成组织溶解性坏死。高浓度时可引起反射性呼吸停止和心脏停搏。
    一般来说,氨污染释放期比较快,不会在空气中长期积存,对人体的危害相对较小,但是也应注意。

    氨的来源:

    · 室内装饰材料中的添加剂和增白剂;
    · 以尿素组分胶粘剂的木制板和以氨水作为添加剂与增白剂的涂料。
    · 建筑材料中的混凝土外加剂。寒冷地区冬季施工常常在混凝土墙体中加入以尿素和氨水为主要原料的外加剂对混凝土进行防冻保护。这些添加剂在墙体中会随环境因素的变化而被还原成氨气并从墙体中缓慢释放出来,造成室内空气中氨浓度的增加;

    氨的危害:

    氨是一种碱性物质,室内氨气主要来源于混凝土防冻剂中,它对接触的皮肤组织都有腐蚀和刺激作用。可以吸收皮肤组织中的水分,使组织蛋白变性,所以主要对动物或人体的上呼吸道有刺激和腐蚀作用,减弱人体对疾病的抵抗力。浓度过高时除腐蚀作用外,还可通过三叉神经末梢的反射作用而引起心脏停搏和呼吸停止。建筑施工中使用的混凝土外加剂在混凝土墙体中加入混凝土防冻剂,另一种是为了提高混凝土的凝固速度,使用高碱混凝土膨胀剂和早强剂。氨与血红蛋白结合,破坏运氧功能 。短期内吸入大量氨气后可出现流泪、咽痛、声音嘶哑、咳嗽、痰带血丝、胸闷、呼吸困难,可伴有头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、乏力等,严重者可发生肺水肿、成人呼吸窘迫综合征,同时可能发生呼吸道刺激症状。氨气挥发的时间是20年。

    · 以气体形式吸入肺泡,与血红蛋白结合,破坏运氧功能;
    · 长期接触氨后可能会出现皮肤色素沉积或手指溃疡等症状;
    · 碱性物质, 对动物或人体的上呼吸道有刺激和腐蚀作用, 使组织蛋白变性,使脂肪皂化,破坏细胞膜结构减弱人体对疾病的抵抗力;
    · 短期内吸入大量氨气后可出现流泪、咽痛、声音嘶哑、咳嗽、痰带血丝、胸闷、呼吸困难,可伴有头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、乏力等症状,严重者可发生肺水肿、成人呼吸窘迫综合症,同时可能发生呼吸道刺激症状。

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